Chemical and Materials Research

Secondary refrigerants are liquids which are being used in an air conditioning system. The prime purpose of secondary refrigerant is to transfer heat from material that is being cooled; to the heat exchanger where heat is absorbed by the primary refrigerant. Chilled water is being used as a secondary refrigerant in high-temperature applications. Brines, glycols, and oils are used as secondary refrigerants in low-temperature applications. Secondary refrigerants are used as the transportation medium of cooling capacity in large air refrigeration plants. Secondary refrigerants have properties such as non-corrosive, inexpensive, high specific heat, excellent heat transfer characteristics, chemically stable, low viscosity, etc. Secondary refrigerants such as calcium chloride brine, propylene glycol, etc. are applied in different low-temperature applications like industrial refrigeration, commercial refrigeration, heat pumps, and others. Click Here for PDF Secondary refrigerant systems using...

Transcritical CO2 systems are environmental friendly and dependable that defined as a system that operates above the critical point. The transcritical CO2 systems are the most promising solutions that using natural refrigerants in retail contexts. In this system, the heat recovery function exploits the heat normally dissolute by the gas cooler for domestic hot water production or space heating. These systems are suitable for medium to large supermarkets, cold storage facilities and light industrial processes. Due to low environmental impact of transcritical CO2systems and phasing out CFC, HCFC, and HFC refrigerants, and lower operating cost of transcritical CO2 refrigeration systems. However, increasing demand for refrigeration and air-conditioning applications is anticipated to offer more growth opportunities for the players operating in the transcritical CO2 systems market. Click Here to Download PDF Copy    Transcritical CO2 systems are distinguishable by the fact that thei...

A membrane is a thin layer of semi-permeable material. It helps to separates substances when a driving force is applied across the membrane. Membrane filtration is a pressure-driven segregation process that employs a membrane for both mechanical and chemical sieving of particles and macromolecules. Membrane filtration helps in the removal of microorganisms, bacteria, natural organic material, and particulates. Which can impart tastes, color, and odors to the water and react with disinfectants to form disinfection by-products. Innovations in the ceramic membranes to optimize the production efficiency in food processing is also anticipated to have a robust impact in the membrane filtration. Increasing Instances of waterborne diseases is also expected to generate untapped opportunity for the market participants. Click Here to Download PDF Copy The mechanism of membrane filtration technology in detaining microorganisms is a combination of two phenomena: firstly, the effect of physiochemic...

Urea is produced with a combination of carbon dioxide and ammonia. It is a highly-efficient nitrogen fertilizer used in agriculture for ground treatment and top-dressing and is also used for all soil types and crop plants. Urea significantly increases agricultural yield. In the industry application, it is used for the production of plastics, glues and resins. Urea also finds application as ruminant's forage additive agent. Urea is used as a raw material for the manufacture materials such as urea-formaldehyde resins and urea-melamine-formaldehyde used in marine plywood.  Urea is the world's most commonly used nitrogen fertilizer and indeed more urea is manufactured by mass than any other organic chemical. Containing 46% N, it is the most concentrated nitrogen fertilizer, and is readily available as free-flowing prills (granules). It is the cheapest form of nitrogen fertilizer to transport and it is also the least likely to 'cake'. It is therefore favoured in developing c...

Wood pellets are an eco-friendly solid fuel made from compacted sawdust and related industry waste from the milling of lumber. Wood pellets have many advantages over fossil fuel as they are produced from renewable materials such as wood shaving and sawdust. They are utilized in varied settings and applications, such as home heating appliances and large-scale boilers in commercial operations. Wood pellets are available in a smaller size, easy to store and produce a minimal amount of ash. Cordwood, wood pellets, wood chips, waste paper, along with dozens of other agricultural products and by-products capable of being used for energy, are all examples of biomass fuel. The most compelling principle of biomass is that it is renewable. The remarkable consistency and burn efficiency of pellet fuel produce a fraction of the particulate emissions of raw biomass. Pellet burners feature the lowest particulate matter emissions of all solid fuels burners. Given the proper Sustainable Forest Initia...

Plastic recycling is the process of recovering and reprocessing plastic waste into some useful products. A large amount of plastic usage and harmful impact of plastic waste on the environment have led to the necessity of the plastic recycling processes. Recycled plastics are used in wide ranges of goods including plastic bottles, carry bags, office accessories and drainage pipes, among others. Recycled plastic also finds broad applicability in various end-use industries including textiles, packaging and automotive. Plastic recycling has become an increasingly important sector of recycling, but it would be hard to declare it a great success story from an environmental perspective. Less than 9% of plastic generation from the U.S. Municipal Solid Waste stream was recycled in 2018.Ocean plastic and plastic shopping bags still present major global challenges. Click Here | Download PDF Copy Businesses that want to have a positive environmental impact should stay informed on the global impact...

Reverse osmosis (RO) is defined as a water purification method which is mainly used to remove ions, molecules, and larger particles from water. This technology incorporates a semi-permeable membrane, which is composed of cellulose and other materials. These membranes helps to eliminate dissolved salts or organic molecules. Such membranes are used across several application bases such as brackish water treatment, desalination of seawater, industrial water treatment and many others. It is considered to be most economical and practical technique of purifying and treating drinking water. Click Here | Download PDF Copy for Reverse Osmosis Membrane Reverse osmosis (RO) and Nanofiltration (NF) membranes are commonly used as a filtration method to remove many types of dissolved solids (large molecules and ions) from solutions by applying pressure to the solution when it is on one side of a selective membrane. The result is that the solute is retained on the pressurized side of the membrane and...

Carbon capture and sequestration (CCS) basically is a technology that has the potential of capturing approximately 90% of the carbon dioxide emissions produced by the use of fossil fuels in industrial processes and electricity generation that helps in preventing the carbon dioxide from entering the atmosphere. The CCS chain consists of mainly three parts known as the capturing of the carbon dioxide, transportation of the carbon dioxide and storage of carbon dioxide emissions in deep saline aquifer formations or underground in depleted oil and gas fields. The use of carbon capture and sequestration (CCS) as a viable mitigation strategy for reducing greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions in fossil-fuel power plants and discusses the impacts on the sustainability of freshwater resources. While CCS technology can significantly mitigate anthropogenic GHG emissions, CCS installations are expected to impose new water stresses due to additional water requirements for chemical and physical processes t...

Potash is a type of salt which is mined, manufactured, and contain potassium in water-soluble form. A fertilizer is a material of natural or synthetic origin. It is applied to soils to supply plant nutrients essential for the healthy growth of plants. Potash fertilizer is a type of fertilizer which is used in a variety of foods and chloride loving vegetables like beets, celery, swiss chard and other plants that are pliable to chloride. Potash fertilizer provides immunity to plants against multifarious diseases. Sulfate of potash (SOP) and muriate of potash (MOP) are the most common variety of potash fertilizers used by farmers to grow crops. Potash fertilizers can also be recycled within the earth itself. Click Here | For PDF Copy Best Fertilizer for Your Plants Potassium plays an important role in regulating plant growth. The fertilizer application also has a positive impact on the disease resistance of the plant. It is an organic matter which will help you do away with problems such ...

Hydrogen peroxide is a colorless compound which is usually produced as aqueous solutions of different strengths. Hydrogen peroxide is eco-friendly, non-corrosive compound. Due to less aggressive effect hydrogen peroxide on fabric dyes, it is extensively used as bleaching agents. Hydrogen peroxide is also utilized as oxidizer and antiseptic. Hydrogen peroxide is produced by hydrolysis of ammonium persulfate. Hydrogen peroxide is also applied for the bleaching process of wood pulp, rocket propellant, etc. Industries such as pulp and paper, healthcare, personal care, food processing, textile, etc. has wide application for hydrogen peroxide. Click Here | For PDF Copy Uses & Benefits Hydrogen peroxide is used as an antimicrobial agent and an oxidizing agent. It is also used as an OTC antiseptic to clean wounds. In personal care products, such as colorants and toothpastes, hydrogen peroxide works as an oxidizing agent, offering a lightening/whitening effect. Hydrogen Peroxide is used thr...

Waste paper recycling is the process by which waste paper is turned into new paper products. The waste paper recycling process involves the collection, sorting, shredding and pulping, filtering, conterminal removal and de-inking, and finishing for reuse of waste paper. Waste papers are obtained from discarded paper materials, paper mill paper scraps, and waste paper material discarded after consumer use. Waste paper, such as old newspapers, magazines, corrugated, wrapping, and packaging papers, among others, are recycled for reuse. The waste papers to be recycled are collected from the waste locations then sent to paper recycling facilities for further processing. Waste paper recycling offers various advantages, such as saving energy, water, and landfill space. Waste paper recycling reduces greenhouse gas emissions, and recycled fiber is a sustainable, cost-saving resource for making new paper products. Click Here | Download PDF Copy 1. Sorting The process of recycling starts with sort...

Architectural coating are the substance used for coating and painting the building or houses. The architectural coating has a unique property of resistance from weathering and oxidation, decorative, etc. it is applied in the form of paints, primers, sealers, inks, ceramics, etc. It is applied in industrial and residential purposes for providing protection from heat, moisture, changing weather, chemicals, etc. It is mainly used while constructing a new building or while reconstructing a building. Few examples of architectural coating are epoxy, polyurethane, acrylic, polyester, etc. The global architectural coating market is growing at a significant pace owing to driving factors such as increasing demand from construction industry due to its environment friendly nature. Furthermore, Increasing manufacturing of durable coating due to the rise in per capita consumption in APAC countries is likely to drive the demand for architectural coating s in the coming years. However, high cost and s...

Swimming pool treatment chemicals are used in water treatment processes to eliminate microorganisms of all life stages and sizes. They also keep the water clean and balance the pH level of the water. A few of the chemicals are used to balance pH levels and offer shock treatment, among others. Swimming pool treatment chemicals are typically manufactured in liquid and powder forms as well as in concentrates and ready-to-use formulations. The most commonly employed chemicals in the pool water treatment process include sanitizers, balancers, shocks, and algaecides. A pool's filter system does the work to keeping the water clean, but it takes chemistry to do the fine-tuning. It's important to carefully manipulate the chemical balance in pools for several reasons. One reason is that pathogens, such as bacteria, thrive in water. A pool filled with untreated water would be a perfect place for disease-carrying microorganisms to move from one person to another. Also, water with the wrong...

Hydrogen use in applications such as fuel cells, chemical processing, refining, petroleum recovery, and others is anticipated to grow considerably throughout the forecast period. This is due to enforcement stringent environmental regulations. Moreover, chemical processing as well as refining industries are the major consumers of hydrogen. Also, Oil & gas refineries demand hydrogen to lower the sulfur content of diesel for reducing sulfur content. Furthermore, chemical processing industry uses hydrogen to process methanol, ammonia, as well as other chemicals in a petrochemical complex. Also, fuel cells are evolving technologies that are currently used as a source of heat and electricity in buildings as well as commercial sector. The demand for hydrogen by these industries are bolstering the growth of the market. Click Here | Download PDF Copy Hydrogen is an important utility for numerous applications in multiple industries. Users in a wide range of industries can benefit from operat...

Antimicrobial coatings are utilized for shielding surfaces from microorganisms, for example, microscopic organisms, parasites, growths, and germs. These coatings contain an antimicrobial specialist that represses the capacity of microorganisms to develop on the outside of a material. The coatings are ordinarily applied to dividers, entryway handles, counters, vents, numerous different surfaces. These can likewise be splashed onto gloves, materials, veils, and covering. The antimicrobial coatings showcase is driven by the extension of the worldwide clinical gadget coatings advertise and the expanding use of coatings and added substances in plastic bundling. Click Here | Download PDF Copy What is the Future of Antimicrobial Coatings? The antimicrobial coating sector is brimming with activity. Research and innovation continues to provide better, safer and innovative antimicrobial coatings that are affordable. The reason behind the research is the steady growth in demand in North American ...

Increasing adoption of hydropower backed by increasing capacity expansions in the infrastructure of developing countries is anticipated to boost the demand for the product over the forecast period. Furthermore, rising demand for underwater concrete for the construction of tunnels and bridges is projected to drive the market growth. The industry witnesses a high demand for the product for maintenance and repair of dams and marine structures. Also, growth in the demand for the product for swimming pools is anticipated to drive the industry growth. Click Here| For Material Properties Underwater Concreting Concreting underwater:- There are often situations, such as basements, sewerage, and marine works, in which concrete is to be placed underwater. The demand for the formwork is usually higher than in normal concreting under dry conditions. The formwork not only has to impart the required shape to the structure of its elements but it must also protect the concrete mix during placing until ...

Modular chillers have emerged recently as a more cost-effective, mass-produced answer to completely customized chillers in HVAC systems. What is a modular chiller? It’s a small packaged chiller that your HVAC provider can combine with other chiller modules to make a single larger machine within your HVAC system. Let’s explore the different types of modular chiller systems and how you can benefit from installing one in your commercial HVAC system. Modular chiller is used to cool the brine and water and to dehumidify the air in industrial processes and buildings. Modular chillers are capable of this cooling using the evaporator and also has an installed internal or remote condenser with appropriate controls. The condenser in the modular chillers can be of two types as water-cooled or air-cooled condenser. The modular chillers have gained increasing popularity due to its wide range of applications from space cooling to process purposes. Click Here to Download Modular Chiller Full Analysis...

Chemical specializes in providing water and wastewater treatment technical services. In fact, ability to perform these services is what separates us from the rest of other competition. Competition sells chemicals or equipment – we sell solutions and complete water treatment systems. Chemical provides technical services which include system design, waste characterization, chemical treatability, sludge dewaterability and pH neutralization. Chemical has the ability to work closely with our customers to solve real life problems, demonstrate the solutions to those problems, and implement them. These services include bench testing, pilot scale and full scale evaluations Click Here to Download Information in PDF Full scale evaluations are the culmination of either bench or pilot studies and are the true test of the equipment and chemistry. Chemical is available every step of the way providing not only equipment and wastewater treatment systems, but also technical support and on site presence ...

Biological Organic fertilizer is the fermented materials organic matter with addition of other functional beneficial microorganism of your choice. Organic Matter which help in retaining nutrients ensures efficient uptake of nutrients by the plant. Real Strong Bio-organic Fertilizers contain various types of organic matter and functional microorganisms to help soil nutrient retention, restore soil biodiversity and reduce chemical fertilizer usage by unlocking soil minerals. Being organic in nature, they form the bulk base of the fertilizer to hold the nutrients together, preventing leaching, as they are released slowly into the soil. Seed-based matter constitutes part of the formulation in products. Click Here to Download PDF Copy Information about the microbes which has great capacity to supply the available naturally to the plants by mineralizing organic P in soil and by solubilizing precipitated phosphates. Some bacterial species have mineralization and solubilizing potential for org...

Lubricants are used to reduce friction and wear, whether it's in an aviation engine or the wheel bearing on a car. Other major functions of a lubricant include cleaning, cooling and sealing, in addition to helping fight corrosion and rust in the engine. Airplanes that are used infrequently especially need the corrosion and rust protection that good aviation lubricants can provide. Unused aircraft have a high potential for rust and corrosion, among other downtime problems. The more frequently and consistently an airplane is flown, the easier it is to properly maintain and lubricate. Click Here to Download PDF Sample Copy How do aviation lubricants keep an engine cool? Air-cooled aircraft engines rely on their oil for cooling far more than water-cooled automotive engines. Automotive oil typically accounts for about 40 percent of the engine's cooling capacity. In aviation engines, the oil must carry off a greater percentage of the engine's heat. Oil is a heat-transfer medium w...

There are many diamond alternatives that have come to market in recent years, and in some cases people could refer to these as “fake,” “synthetic,” or “simulated.” According to the Gemological Institute of America or GIA, lab made diamonds are also sometimes referred to as “man-made or synthetic diamonds.” Whereas simulated diamonds are stones that only look like diamonds, like cubic zirconia, white sapphire, moissanite, zircon, rutile, spinel, and synthetic garnet. A natural diamond is made from carbon and is the hardest natural known substance on earth. Natural diamonds are created over a period of one to three billion years, at least 85 miles below the earth’s mantle under natural conditions of very high pressure and high temperature. Once a diamond has been created in these underground conditions, it travels via molten rock to the earth’s surface, where it is mined, refined, and turned into beautiful jewelry or used for industrial purposes. Learn more about how diamonds are formed....