Chemical and Materials Research

Secondary refrigerants are liquids which are being used in an air conditioning system. The prime purpose of secondary refrigerant is to transfer heat from material that is being cooled; to the heat exchanger where heat is absorbed by the primary refrigerant. Chilled water is being used as a secondary refrigerant in high-temperature applications. Brines, glycols, and oils are used as secondary refrigerants in low-temperature applications. Secondary refrigerants are used as the transportation medium of cooling capacity in large air refrigeration plants. Secondary refrigerants have properties such as non-corrosive, inexpensive, high specific heat, excellent heat transfer characteristics, chemically stable, low viscosity, etc. Secondary refrigerants such as calcium chloride brine, propylene glycol, etc. are applied in different low-temperature applications like industrial refrigeration, commercial refrigeration, heat pumps, and others. Click Here for PDF Secondary refrigerant systems using...

Transcritical CO2 systems are environmental friendly and dependable that defined as a system that operates above the critical point. The transcritical CO2 systems are the most promising solutions that using natural refrigerants in retail contexts. In this system, the heat recovery function exploits the heat normally dissolute by the gas cooler for domestic hot water production or space heating. These systems are suitable for medium to large supermarkets, cold storage facilities and light industrial processes. Due to low environmental impact of transcritical CO2systems and phasing out CFC, HCFC, and HFC refrigerants, and lower operating cost of transcritical CO2 refrigeration systems. However, increasing demand for refrigeration and air-conditioning applications is anticipated to offer more growth opportunities for the players operating in the transcritical CO2 systems market. Click Here to Download PDF Copy    Transcritical CO2 systems are distinguishable by the fact that thei...

A membrane is a thin layer of semi-permeable material. It helps to separates substances when a driving force is applied across the membrane. Membrane filtration is a pressure-driven segregation process that employs a membrane for both mechanical and chemical sieving of particles and macromolecules. Membrane filtration helps in the removal of microorganisms, bacteria, natural organic material, and particulates. Which can impart tastes, color, and odors to the water and react with disinfectants to form disinfection by-products. Innovations in the ceramic membranes to optimize the production efficiency in food processing is also anticipated to have a robust impact in the membrane filtration. Increasing Instances of waterborne diseases is also expected to generate untapped opportunity for the market participants. Click Here to Download PDF Copy The mechanism of membrane filtration technology in detaining microorganisms is a combination of two phenomena: firstly, the effect of physiochemic...

Urea is produced with a combination of carbon dioxide and ammonia. It is a highly-efficient nitrogen fertilizer used in agriculture for ground treatment and top-dressing and is also used for all soil types and crop plants. Urea significantly increases agricultural yield. In the industry application, it is used for the production of plastics, glues and resins. Urea also finds application as ruminant's forage additive agent. Urea is used as a raw material for the manufacture materials such as urea-formaldehyde resins and urea-melamine-formaldehyde used in marine plywood.  Urea is the world's most commonly used nitrogen fertilizer and indeed more urea is manufactured by mass than any other organic chemical. Containing 46% N, it is the most concentrated nitrogen fertilizer, and is readily available as free-flowing prills (granules). It is the cheapest form of nitrogen fertilizer to transport and it is also the least likely to 'cake'. It is therefore favoured in developing c...

Wood pellets are an eco-friendly solid fuel made from compacted sawdust and related industry waste from the milling of lumber. Wood pellets have many advantages over fossil fuel as they are produced from renewable materials such as wood shaving and sawdust. They are utilized in varied settings and applications, such as home heating appliances and large-scale boilers in commercial operations. Wood pellets are available in a smaller size, easy to store and produce a minimal amount of ash. Cordwood, wood pellets, wood chips, waste paper, along with dozens of other agricultural products and by-products capable of being used for energy, are all examples of biomass fuel. The most compelling principle of biomass is that it is renewable. The remarkable consistency and burn efficiency of pellet fuel produce a fraction of the particulate emissions of raw biomass. Pellet burners feature the lowest particulate matter emissions of all solid fuels burners. Given the proper Sustainable Forest Initia...

Plastic recycling is the process of recovering and reprocessing plastic waste into some useful products. A large amount of plastic usage and harmful impact of plastic waste on the environment have led to the necessity of the plastic recycling processes. Recycled plastics are used in wide ranges of goods including plastic bottles, carry bags, office accessories and drainage pipes, among others. Recycled plastic also finds broad applicability in various end-use industries including textiles, packaging and automotive. Plastic recycling has become an increasingly important sector of recycling, but it would be hard to declare it a great success story from an environmental perspective. Less than 9% of plastic generation from the U.S. Municipal Solid Waste stream was recycled in 2018.Ocean plastic and plastic shopping bags still present major global challenges. Click Here | Download PDF Copy Businesses that want to have a positive environmental impact should stay informed on the global impact...

Reverse osmosis (RO) is defined as a water purification method which is mainly used to remove ions, molecules, and larger particles from water. This technology incorporates a semi-permeable membrane, which is composed of cellulose and other materials. These membranes helps to eliminate dissolved salts or organic molecules. Such membranes are used across several application bases such as brackish water treatment, desalination of seawater, industrial water treatment and many others. It is considered to be most economical and practical technique of purifying and treating drinking water. Click Here | Download PDF Copy for Reverse Osmosis Membrane Reverse osmosis (RO) and Nanofiltration (NF) membranes are commonly used as a filtration method to remove many types of dissolved solids (large molecules and ions) from solutions by applying pressure to the solution when it is on one side of a selective membrane. The result is that the solute is retained on the pressurized side of the membrane and...